The Library

Primary sources & reading

Creeds, definitions, and a starter shelf for the serious study of historic Christianity.

Ancient Confessions

The Great Creeds

AD 381

The Nicene Creed

Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum

I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all ages; Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten, not made, of one essence with the Father, through whom all things were made; who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven, and was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and was made man. He was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sits at the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end. And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, who proceeds from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spoke through the Prophets. In one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. I confess one baptism for the remission of sins. I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the age to come. Amen.
Ancient · Western

The Apostles' Creed

The baptismal confession of the Latin Church

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried; He descended into hell; on the third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, and is seated at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from there He will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen.
AD 451

The Definition of Chalcedon

The rule of Christology for historic Christianity

Following the holy Fathers we teach with one voice that the Son of God and our Lord Jesus Christ is to be confessed as one and the same Person, that He is perfect in Godhead and perfect in manhood, very God and very man, of a reasonable soul and human flesh subsisting; consubstantial with the Father as touching His Godhead, and consubstantial with us as touching His manhood; made in all things like unto us, sin only excepted; begotten of His Father before the worlds according to His Godhead; but in these last days for us men and for our salvation born into the world of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos, according to His manhood. This one and the same Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son, we are to acknowledge in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division, without separation; the distinction of natures being in no wise taken away by their union, but rather the properties of each nature being preserved, and concurring in one Person and one Subsistence.
Primary Sources

The Fathers themselves

The full library of early Christian writings — Apostolic Fathers, Apologists, and the Nicene theologians — lives in the sources index.

Open Early Christian Sources
A Starter Shelf

Recommended reading

  • The Apostolic Fathers
    ed. Michael Holmes

    Greek/English of the earliest sub-apostolic writings — Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, the Didache.

  • On the Incarnation
    Athanasius of Alexandria

    The classic short defense of why God became man.

  • Confessions
    Augustine of Hippo

    The most famous spiritual autobiography ever written.

  • The Orthodox Church
    Kallistos Ware

    The best modern introduction to Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

  • Catechism of the Catholic Church
    Vatican

    The official reference for modern Roman Catholic teaching.

  • Institutes of the Christian Religion
    John Calvin

    The foundational systematic theology of Reformed Protestantism.

  • The Story of Christianity, vols 1–2
    Justo González

    Readable one-shelf survey of two thousand years of church history.

  • The Rise of Christianity
    Rodney Stark

    A sociologist's account of how a Jewish sect became the faith of the Roman world.